Essay about What Is Ubiquitous Computing - 1040 Words

What is Ubiquitous Computing ? What is ubiquitous computing? An exciting new approach to serving us with technology? Or the environment where the virtuality will became the reality? Lets try to give the definition of ubiquitous computing, its development, including the key people and places influencing its development, and finally some concerns raised by this new approach for putting technology and people together. Already, one name has been reoccurring when talking about ubiquitous computing: Mark Weiser. In 1991 Mark Weiser thought of as the founder of what we now term ubiquitous computing, wrote an article for Scientific American entitled The Computer for the 21st Century. In it, Weiser describes the multiple computers in a†¦show more content†¦I get in to my car and feel myself in a new computer world of cars. I just need to say a destination, even to my office, is enough. Now Im in the office ,everything is ready for my appearance : 5 minutes after my command ,all these new friendly group of computers Ââ€" embedded into fridges,washing maching, cooling system, door locks, furniture works together are ready to make your appearance in your office in the best way. In order achieve to our dream we must concentrate about ideas mobile computing and intelligent environment. This rethinking demands a radical departure from the tradition of putting machines out for our use, and havi ng us adapt to them. One can see from just a few of these computer science issues that making ubiquitous computing a reality is an interesting technical challenge. Ubiquitous computing seeks to embed computers into our everyday lives in such ways as to render them invisible and allow them to be taken for granted, and social and cultural theories of everyday life have always been interested in rendering the invisible visible .Despite these related concerns, social and cultural studies remain in the background of discussions of ubiquitous technology design. Ubiquitous computing is roughly the opposite of virtual reality. Where virtual reality puts people inside a computer-generated world, ubiquitous computing forces the computer to live out here in the world with people.Show MoreRelatedWhat Is Ubiquitous Computing ?890 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Ubiquitous Computing ? What is ubiquitous computing? An exciting new approach to serving us with technology? Or the environment where the virtuality will became the reality? Lets try to give the definition of ubiquitous computing, its development, including the key people and places influencing its development, and finally some concerns raised by this new approach for putting technology and people together. Already, one name has been reoccurring when talking about ubiquitous computing:Read MoreComputer Science Laboratory ( Csl )1264 Words   |  6 PagesHistory: The term ubiquitous computing was first articulated in 1988 by Mark Weiser in Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre (PARC) Electronics and Imaging Laboratory (EIL). In late 1987, Bob Sprague, Richard Bruce and other members of PARC and EIL put forward the idea of developing wall sized flat panel computer displays from large area amorphous sheets. Its been believed that The wall display was used as input for scanning images and electronic pens. These researchers anticipatedRead MoreBenefits And Disadvantages Of Ubiquitous Computing Application1525 Words   |  7 Pagesexample, Google glass is one such wearable ubiquitous application wherein computers are immersed into real environment and operations are unattended. Data is collected by wearable devices in a ubiquitous manner and consistently on any user and also over their external environment. Through such advanced computing usage there are several benefits and disadvantages that can be delivered. This essay addresses these pros and cons. Pros of Ubiquitous computing application It is hands free: This can beRead MoreWhat Is Pervasive Computing?1603 Words   |  7 Pagesselect what data is at the focal point of their consideration and what data is fringe. The term was authored by Stamp Weiser, boss technologist, and John Seeley Darker, executive of the Xerox Palo Alto Exploration Lab. In the coming period of universal processing in which innovation will move toward becoming without a moment s delay inescapable yet undetectable, Weiser and Darker predict the requirement for outline standards and strategies that empower clients to detect and control what instantlyRead MoreAn Overview Of Modern Health Management System1658 Words   |  7 PagesAn Overview of Ubiquitous Health Management System ABSTRACT Author Keywords ACM Classification Keywords I. INTRODUCTION Due to recent advancement in mobile technologies, high-capacity wireless network, sensor system, and wearable technology ubiquitous computing system is no longer a possibility, it is now reality. Ubiquitous computing deals with the idea how we can improve our quality of life by incorporating or interacting with technology in our everyday life. Health care is an ideal applicationRead MoreEssay On Emerging Technologies866 Words   |  4 Pagesrequirements of Vital Blue Company are Cloud Computing, Grid Computing, and Mobile Computing. The areas of probable impact as identified by the company are Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Data Warehousing, and Productivity Applications, which are applications for office use like Microsoft Office and Open Office. Cloud Computing It is prudent to be mindful of the strides being made, and huge investment infused into cloud computing. One could surmise that companiesRead MoreThe Future of the Internet Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesis filled with search engines that can help us reach information of our personal choice. Social networks which connect us with worldly knowledge are also fairly new. For example Facebook was introduced in 2005 and twitter in 2006. I can’t imagine what life would be like without these networks of communication and thinking about them not being there only less than a decade ago seems like ancient times. Facebook, Twitter, Google, YouTube, Wikipedia are platforms that allow us to build social communitiesRead MoreSocial Issues in Ubiquitous Computing Essays1969 Words   |  8 PagesEvolving toward ubiquitous computing is the next step in technology. Computers will interact more and more with the environment. The social interactions are starting to be controlled using ubiquitou s devices. Users have access to more information therefore social issues become important. In order to have a better understanding about the social issues in ubiquitous computing, aspects such as privacy of the individual, use and abuse of the state and opportunities for the individual empowerment willRead MoreThe Cloud Of Cloud Computing1593 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach to computing – cloud computing. It is a particularly new model of computing, where databases are stored and operated somewhere in a cloud. Mell and Grance (2011) define cloud computing as â€Å"a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction† (p. 2). In other words, the cloud is considered a remote computing data centerRead MoreTechnology And The Internet Of Things1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe world of computers is cont inuously shrinking at a rapid rate. Coincidentally, computing systems, now more than ever are finding themselves integrated into different aspects of society. From lightbulbs to coffee makers, integrated computing systems are creating a dynamic network of ubiquitous devices. â€Å"The internet of things† is the connection and intercommunication of such ubiquitous computing devices in the physical world through the internet. Devices in this network spontaneously retrieve

Airline Industry A Financial Crisis Essay - 1686 Words

After 9/11 many airline companies will be facing a financial crisis that will shape America banks, stock pricing and insurance company’s community. Airline industry after 9/11, will make many changes to foreign policy and national policy, â€Å"the hardest hit business was the airline industry, which suffered major economic damage† (to, H. and Lee, D. (2005). I choose this topic because many Americans really don’t know how 9/11 crippled airline industry. The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 was a turning point in American history, which killed over 2,000 people and which put fear in many businesses and people, â€Å"the terrorist attacks created a great deal of uncertainly for the industry† (Frey, B.S., Luechinger, S. and Stutzer, A. (2007)). 9/11 will show how a nation that pays no attention to the safely regulation of airline industry into something that will haunt America decade after the attack. This research paper will benefit to many busines s entrepreneurs to serve as a reference tool in the areas of business management, and macroeconomics. This topic can best serve as a good tool for other researcher’s on the subject of banking and finance. This paper will analyze the importance and will point out how 9/11 impact America airline industry. Definition of foreign markets and domestic market In this research paper, there are two concepts: foreign market and domestic market. As look deeper into the foreign market and domestic market we can see that 9/11 took a toll onShow MoreRelatedThe Demand Of The Airline Industry1436 Words   |  6 Pages The fuel crisis is no stranger to the business world, especially to the airline industry. Many airlines were forced to adopt new approaches to this high cost issue in order to stay afloat. The realistic concern of the effect to the consumer has not only impacted the cost to travel, but the profits for the airline industry. The 2008 US economic recession has greatly impacted how often people are traveling. Most consumers’ disposable income is very little and they categorize travel, especiallyRead MoreThe Impact Of Domestic Aviation Industry On The Domestic Airline Industry1508 Words   |  7 Pagessectors is the aviation industry, which falls under the transportation and logistics sector and is a major source of growth for the U.S economy in terms of revenue, capacity building and human development. This highlights the importance of the domestic aviation industry, and any factors that affect this industry are bound to have effects on the entire economy. The study aims to understand how changes in fuel prices, especially increases, have an impact on the domestic airline industry. The impact of theRead MoreCurrent Situation of Airline Industry1122 Words   |  5 PagesCurrent Situation of Airline Industry Since the airline industry was deregulated in the late 1970s, they shall hold the line on the number of planes they fly. The result is that the people by plane shall be more and more, and the fares shall become expensive. Because air transport is faster than other transportation methods, the people increasingly prefer to fly. The air transportation shall be an important transportation method in the future, and the people engaged in air transportation shall haveRead MoreThe Current Global Economic Crisis Would Change the Face of the Aviation Industry as We Know It Today- Is There Truth in the Statement?1029 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AVIATION Lucas Lee Executive Summary The current global economic crisis has changed the way aviation industry goes about its business. It has brought about a boom in low-cost carriers, which has made travelling by air cheaper for the masses. Services offered by airlines and airports are also of higher standards to make people want to travel by air. The economic downturn has seen a significant drop of investments in the aviation market. Airport ground handlers andRead MoreA Decline in Revenue at Quantas1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthink that this airplane industry is having a decline in revenue problem. So I interested to analyze this airplane company. But before I analyze this company, I want to explain a little bit about this airplane industry. A Qantas airway is an airplane industry from Queensland, Australia, and the head office of this airlines industry located in Sydney, Australia. This industry was found by 3 people named Paul McGuiness, Hudson Fysh, and the last one is Arthus Baird. This industry was founded on the 16thRead MoreEvaluation Of Sia s Strategic Management And The Challenges Faced By Sia1497 Words   |  6 Pagescountries carriers which have given an exceptional international reputation to the airlines and via code-sharing with the members of Star Alliance partnership it has extended its network globally. This allowed SIA to sell the tickets on one another’s flights and extend the service to additional destinations (Reference for business, 2012). b) Economic factors: In 2008, SIA faced huge losses due to the global financial crisis and the increase in oil price. The annual inflation rate increased from 0.6%Read MoreQantas Swot Essay615 Words   |  3 PagesDiversified Business : Qantas range of subsidiary business operates in different sector but all of them supporting airlines industry’s activity, such as catering, baggage handling and engineer. This also helped them to control supplier and aircraft maintenance cost. †¢ Oneworld Alliance Oneworld Alliance is a management company founded by Qantas, American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines and Cathay Pacific. Purpose of this centralized management company is to helping each other with non†coreRead MoreHow Spirit Airlines With American Airlines Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesWHY I CHOSE THIS COMPANY Founded in 1964, Spirit Airlines actually began operations in the trucking industry under the name â€Å"Clippert Trucking Company,† based in Michigan. In subsequent years the firm encountered many changes in name, headquarters, as well as shifted into different industries entirely. In 1983, the company branched out into the charter tour operating sector, as â€Å"Charter One.† Particularly, they provided tours to entertainment destinations such as Las Vegas, Atlantic City, and theRead MoreThe Cause of Financial Distress in Airlines Industry Introduction According to International Air1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cause of Financial Distress in Airlines Industry Introduction According to International Air Transport Association (IATA), global airline industry has a history of 100 years (2014). Today, there were more than 3 billion passengers and 50 million tonnes of cargo reach their destination through the wonder of flight every year, supporting over 57 million jobs and $2.2 trillion in economic activity (IATA, 2014). The airline industry plays a crucial role in economic because it helps in opening upRead MoreA Financial Analysis Of Spirit Airlines Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesA FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SPIRIT AIRLINES WHY I CHOSE THIS COMPANY Founded in 1964, Spirit Airlines actually began operations in the trucking industry under the name â€Å"Clippert Trucking Company,† based in Michigan. In subsequent years the firm encountered many changes in name, headquarters, as well as shifted into different industries entirely. In 1983, the company branched out into the charter tour operating sector, as â€Å"Charter One.† Particularly, they provided tours to entertainment destinations

Minor setback for a major comeback Free Essays

All of my family members and friends are counting on me that I will make It that far, all the supporters that eave cheered me on since I could remember. Making my family proud has always been a goal of mines and to make them happy Is my goal. Taking a deep breath, I try to relax as I begin with testing. We will write a custom essay sample on Minor setback for a major comeback or any similar topic only for you Order Now It felt Like some of the longest hours of my life, and over thinking really affected me hard. Being careful on each question I found myself going pretty quickly, and surprisingly ended faster than I thought. I walked out with heavy confidence that I would pass. Weeks went by and I finally received my test scores. I received a 1270 and wasn’t too happy about it, but I was glad that I improved by 50 points since the last time aging the test. I didn’t think anything of it until during the beginning of summer my mother told me that I would have to take a summer course for also not doing so well on my placement test. At this point I am feeling stressed out and wondering if will still even be able to attend college. My head was filled with thoughts that I would be taking some tough courses and struggle with Juggling school and volleyball. I just wanted to succeed in everything that I did. The classes were long and dreadful, and with hopes of having a fun filled summer with no worries at all, there I was taking not only a math class but an English class as well. â€Å"What have I gotten myself into† are the words that replayed in my head each day. My confidence was in the dumps. I had at least two classes each week, rushing from volleyball each time. I could hang out with family or friends but not for long, this truly sucked. It was clear that I didn’t belong in there because I did very well. Although, in my math class, we took a test in the end that determined if we were to be placed in either a Math 98 or Math 99 course, and again, I did not pass yet another important test. Feeling even more dressed I eventually found the positive In everything. I told myself that I could only move on from there and make things better, that If I wanted to succeed as bad as I wanted to then I would put forth the effort Into doing so. After all of the chaos and hardships It was time to move Into my dorm! The excitement of college was In the air, leaving my house to be on my own gave me a sense of Independence and freedom. My roommates are my team mates which I was very excited about because we could bond and become closer. Meeting so many people from all over the world made me even more anxious for what the year has In tore for me. Double days kicked our butts, waking up at 6 AM to get ready and be to practice thirty minutes early to set up and get our gear on was rough at first. Practicing from 7-10, eating lunch at 1 1 :30, going back to the gym for the last session 1-4 followed by dinner at 5. It was tough to adjust to in the beginning but it slowly made me anxious for our upcoming season. I wanted to work my butt off and show everyone that I could handle it all. Volleyball has been my passion ever since I was 8 years old and I have been waiting for this opportunity nearly all of my life. To play at he collegiate level and compete against teams from all over and ultimately show what I am made of. I cannot get enough of this game! Something that has given me a harder drive is the fact that I am the first in my family to attend college straight out of high school as an athlete. This accomplishment has all of my family supporting and depending on me to do the right things and get through these next four years successfully. As I am sitting in my dorm room I receive a call, and when I look down its my Mom. She starts with asking me how I’m doing and begins to get into news that changes everything. I fall into my chair when she explains how this year I might not be participating on the court, and that a situation has caused me to possibly redstart. Tears fall down my eyes and I am immediately shocked and don’t know how to react. My SAT score was too short of points in my math section and the academic counselors are now realizing it. How stupid I thought, how hard is it to check if everything is all right with my academics, to make sure that I am eligible. I think about how much harder I could’ve studied, the long nights where my parents would ask me to get my work done. The school days where we had SAT prep and the times where I really focused on passing the SAT. I begin to think about my uncle and how he brought me up into the sport. My family, friends and supporters all were anxious to watch me participate this year and for me to have to think that I have to red shirt now began to cause a lot of tension. This situation has showed me that nothing is ever guaranteed, and the SAT has become my biggest downfall as a student. It has affected me and in the long run I am being held accountable for it. I have nobody else but to blame but myself. On a costive note, I am still allowed to practice with the team but not allowed to travel. I will be on the sidelines cheering my team members on and have faith that they will do great things this year. My academics are now a first priority but volleyball is still in the picture. This a blessing in disguise because now I have an opportunity to work on myself and be even more prepared for next year. My scholarship is still going and I am still receiving a free education which I am beyond thankful for. Next year I will be at my best and I will be ready to dominate at the collegiate level. How to cite Minor setback for a major comeback, Papers

Essay on Professional Relationships with Children Free Solution

Questions: 1.1 Explain when and how to refer other adults to further sources of information, advice or support Use appropriate strategies for encouraging and supporting children and young people to understand and respect other peoples: a) individuality, diversity and differences 1.2 Explain when and how to refer other adults to further sources of information, advice or support a) feelings and points of view b) sharing information c) confidentiality Answers: Develop professional relationships with children, young people and adults A good professional relationship involves a proficient interaction with the people that observes a set of limits or boundaries and is regarded to be appropriate under the set of ethical standards as well as for professional improvement. Developing a good relationship is an important aspect for the well-being of a person. This is because the human beings are social animals and they intend to connect deeply with other people and also tend to involve in social groups (Graham Fitzgerald 2010). An individuals capacity on to create beneficial connections with others is a greatly paramount step in the way of getting the best out of life. Thus, effective engagement with the children and young people is important. This is because this will help in providing access to their needs and concerns as well as also help to understand their perspectives. However, different skills and approaches are required to be adopted in order to engage with both children and adults because they both have differen t perception, priorities and attitude towards life and also see the things differently (Kellett 2011). This requires the development of positive relationships with the children, young people and young adults as a way for effective engagement. It also includes the need for a better process of consultation, improved listening skills and an active participation of children, young people and adults in all the issues which can have an impact on them (Condly, 2006).This process also needs to consider the important key elements of any good positive relationship. These factors include effective communication process, mutual respect and mutual benefit, trust and understanding the differences in values of each and every individual. This study aims to cover several competencies which are required to be developed in order to develop professional relationships with the children, young people and adults. It also aims to cover various strategies and techniques which are required to be developed for the purpose of establishing a professional relationship. This study also addresses the various issues which should be considered in order to avoid communication differences which can act as a barrier in the development of professional relationships with children, young people and adults. These are the various steps which are to be followed in order to develop professional relationships with children, young people and adults. 1.1 In order to refer other adults to further sources of information, advice or support, appropriate strategies could be used for encouraging and supporting the children and young people to understand and respect other peoples: a) individuality, diversity and differences- Respectful and trusting relationships with children and young people help in the development of positive professional relationships with them. This is because trust is the foundation of a good relationship and helps in strengthening the professional relationship. Establishing a rapport with them is also important. They should be provided with the support as and when required. This also involves demonstrating and providing them with the realistic responses and providing answers to their questions, ideas as well as providing them with appropriate suggestions and concerns regarding their issue. Children and young people should be supported so that they can make their choices themselves without the influence of other persons decision. They should also be encouraged and supported to respect the other persons individuality, diversity and differences. They need to be provided with proper attention and guidance in such a way that it is fair to them and as well as to the group as a whole (Atk inson, Martin Rankin 2009). Communication is also an effective method for engaging with the children, young people and adults and is fundamental in building professional relationships with them. This is because children and young people develop at different stages. For that, good communication skills help in developing better relationships, especially, in the case of young people. This is because the young people acts as an example or role model to the children and plays a vital role in developing and fostering a healthy professional relationship. It also helps in building the confidence in them and helps them to open up completely. Effective communication also helps to avoid confusion or delay (Froh, Sefick Emmons 2008). Different forms of communication are used in order to meet the needs of children, young people and adults. The various forms of communication which can be used for communication includes the use of body language, sign language, spoken language or a play. This is because communication is a two way process and involves verbal as well as non-verbal communication which involves the use of expressions, signs and body language and is usually considered to be more effective than verbal communication which involves the use of words. It is important to demonstrate the children, young people and adults to how to adapt to the way of communication. Adaptation to a particular communication style is important because it provides better chances of being understood especially in cases where different audiences require different styles of communication (Lundy 2007). It is also helpful in the context of communication for the children or young people who are at some stage of development and are of a particular age. For instance, children need more reassurance and physical contact as compared to young people or adults. Keeping in mind the context of communication is also very important when dealing with the children or young people and adults in different situations. However, certain factors act as a barrier in an effective communication. These include differences in the communication between the individuals and act as barrier in an effective communication process, like for example; cultural differences, language, speech, emotional state, communication impairment, sensory impairment and cognitive abilities are all the different factors that act as a barrier in effective communication (Noble McGrath 2005). Thus, there are various strategies that need to be developed and followed in order to promote the trust and understanding in the communication with children and young people. These include active listening and maintaining an eye contact while communicating, avoiding the use of assumptions, the use of questions for the purpose of clarification and for checking the understanding as well as for summarising and checking the key points. There is a need to develop appropriate skills so that the conflicts and misunderstandings can be resolved construc tively (Froh, Kashdan, Ozimkowski Miller 2009). They should be encouraged and advised to develop relationships with other adults as further sources of information. b) feelings and points of view- Mutual respect is an essential key element in the process of developing professional relationships with the children, young people and adults. This involves developing a feeling of consideration for them or being considerate towards them. This also involves respecting their feelings and emotions and the acceptance of the fact that the other person has different opinions and views to theirs. They also need to be taught about the cooperation and adjustment which helps in building a better professional relationship with each other. Maintaining a good sense of humour is also useful in developing the feelings of comfort with each other. It is also important to value or tolerate the differences (Froh, Yurkewicz Kashdan 2009). This is due to the reason that different people have different abilities, personalities and lifestyle and there is a need to accept those differences for building a positive professional relationship. 1.2 There is a need to comply with the existing standards, policies and procedures in order to maintain the confidentiality regarding the sharing of information and for protection of data. The settings policies and procedures which can be applied for: a) sharing information- Information sharing is a vital element and need to be done in a lawful manner. Seeking the agreement of the concerned person before disclosing any kind of information and also openly and honestly telling them about why, what, how and with who the information could be shared helps in developing positive relationships. It is also required that the children, young people and adults are demonstrated on the method of reporting and recording the information in the form of reports both in a formal and informal way for the concerned audience. b) confidentiality- Understanding the legislations, policies and procedures is important for maintaining the confidentiality of shared information. The confidential information requires the consent of parents before it can be disclosed to other people. Disclosing any kind of information regarding the educational needs, or medical information is considered to be a Breach of confidentiality. c) data protection- Various acts have been passed for maintain the confidentiality and the disclosure of information such as Children Act 2004 and Data Protection Act 1998 (Hamill Boyd 2002). Data Protection Act provides a framework so that the personal information about the children, young people and adults is shared appropriately and is not a barrier to sharing the information. These are mainly enforced to ensure the safety and well-being of the person who may get affected by certain actions.This can help the children, young people and adults to feel more relaxed and develops a bond of respect and trust with them. References Atkinson, PA, Martin, CR Rankin, J 2009, Resilience Revisited. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, vol. 16, 137-145. Condly, SJ 2006, Resilience in Children: A Review of the Literature with Implications for Education. Urban Education, vol. 41, no. 3, 211-236. Froh, JJ, Kashdan, TB, Ozimkowski, KM Miller, N 2009, Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents? Examining positive affect as a moderator. The Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 4, no. 5, 408-422. Froh, JJ, Sefick, WJ Emmons, RA 2008, Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, vol. 46, 213-233. Froh, JJ, Yurkewicz, C Kashdan, TB 2009, Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, vol. 32, 633-650. Graham, A Fitzgerald, R 2010, Progressing childrens participation: Exploring the potential of a dialogical turn. Childhood, vol. 17, no. 3, 343 359. Hamill, P Boyd, B 2002, Equality, fairness and rights: The young persons voice. British Journal of Special Education, vol. 29, no. 3, 111 117. Kellett, M 2011, Engaging Children and Young People. Centre for Children and Young People Background Briefing Series, no.3. Lismore. Lundy, L 2007, Voice is not enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal, vol. 33, no. 6, 927 42. Noble, T McGrath, H 2005, Emotional Growth: Helping children and families 'bounce back'. Australian Family Physician, vol. 34, no. 9, 749-752.

Dell case Essay Example

Dell case Essay down the time it takes from ordering that the customer gets the computer to themselves , they have revolutionized the way how the PC market sales are made . The major competitors such as HP and 18M, are trying to predetermine based on market studies what customers want , and then produces computers for stock, while Dell lets customers decide what components they want in their computer. Customers ordering via the telephone or , increasingly , via the Internet. In doing so, avoid Dell intermediaries becomes more cost carriers. Where competitors more trying to focus n creating services around the product , thereby creating value for the customer , trust Dell more on the customer already has the implementation knowledge required to do a proper , active purchasing choice . In order to have a control system that meets the requirements for speed and flexibility , Dell has focused on reducing the number of intermediaries ( touches ) in the production of computers. The main way to do this is by outsourcing all production of components , and instead the focus solely on the reassembly of the roduct . This meant that Dell went more toward being a service company than a generation . To decisions taken in the control system will also maintain the requirements of speed is possible for managers far down the systems to make decisions without involving managers from the top ( depending on how important the decision is ) . This allows the organization becomes very flexible to change, and that Dell avoids slow bureaucracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Dell case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dell case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dell case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By making use of most of the economic data that is continuously easured , and are always available for sales representatives and managers , the organization can measure its effectiveness in real time. This is Dell s so-called scorecard , which includes for example Return On Invested Capital , average selling price , etc. The fact that you use the same type of control data throughout the organization makes the entire organization can implement strategies that proved to be positive in some small part . That decision-making is decentralized , and that economic control data is always vailable , allows a Dell different parts of the organization becomes investment centers. Both of the goals is the goal you are trying to reach by creating investment centers , namely that the information required to make the right decisions is available and that each business units performance is measured. Key data is visible especially the difference between Dell and its competitors in return on equity , cost of goods sold and inventory turnover . All these differences are based on Dell management of production and storage, or rather the lack of storage, omputers. Dells input based on direct demand when the customer places his order , wnlle competltors are trying to estimate tne customers needs . Inls means that Dell basically has no storage of the products , allowing the stock turnover is much higher than the competition. Dell does not tie up capital in inventory management also makes it get a higher return on capital employed. However , Dell has higher production costs than competitors , then they choose to outsource it and thus get an additional cost .

Free Essays on Conscience or the Competitive Edge

The article â€Å"Conscience or the Competitive Edge† raises issues in the business world and how ethics influence many people’s decisions. An example would be the scenario of Olivia Jones, a highly respected business negotiator, who was known for her bargaining power which has helped keep the products for the company at a relatively low cost. In this article, Olivia Jones encountered an experience which will forever change the way she conducted herself at her career. She decided that she wanted to visit one of the factories in the city of Bombay, India where the products she was purchasing were being produced. There she witnessed the poor working conditions of the factory workers as they were cramped in a room that was only five feet high and no more than 20ft by 40ft. She also learned that these men worked 12 hour rotations for 6 months out of the year, spending the other 6 months back in the countryside with there family where they would spend the money the earned to farm the land. Startled by what she witnessed she was faced with the decision to either act on her conscience or to do nothing at all when making future business decisions. She seems obligated to perform some action which would benefit the conditions in the factories where her products are produced. But should she do anything at all? Will her decision to act on her social conscience influence her career? Ethics play a major role in most business making decisions but in some cases they cannot in order to safeguard someone’s career. This is the case for Olivia Jones as her conscience is overcoming her competitive edge. She is assuming that the factory workers are upset with their job and the conditions they work in, but she does not concretely know this for a fact. It could very well be that the factory workers are just happy to be making any money at all. If she chooses to go with her conscience over her competitive edge she has to be aware of the cons... Free Essays on Conscience or the Competitive Edge Free Essays on Conscience or the Competitive Edge The article â€Å"Conscience or the Competitive Edge† raises issues in the business world and how ethics influence many people’s decisions. An example would be the scenario of Olivia Jones, a highly respected business negotiator, who was known for her bargaining power which has helped keep the products for the company at a relatively low cost. In this article, Olivia Jones encountered an experience which will forever change the way she conducted herself at her career. She decided that she wanted to visit one of the factories in the city of Bombay, India where the products she was purchasing were being produced. There she witnessed the poor working conditions of the factory workers as they were cramped in a room that was only five feet high and no more than 20ft by 40ft. She also learned that these men worked 12 hour rotations for 6 months out of the year, spending the other 6 months back in the countryside with there family where they would spend the money the earned to farm the land. Startled by what she witnessed she was faced with the decision to either act on her conscience or to do nothing at all when making future business decisions. She seems obligated to perform some action which would benefit the conditions in the factories where her products are produced. But should she do anything at all? Will her decision to act on her social conscience influence her career? Ethics play a major role in most business making decisions but in some cases they cannot in order to safeguard someone’s career. This is the case for Olivia Jones as her conscience is overcoming her competitive edge. She is assuming that the factory workers are upset with their job and the conditions they work in, but she does not concretely know this for a fact. It could very well be that the factory workers are just happy to be making any money at all. If she chooses to go with her conscience over her competitive edge she has to be aware of the cons...

Truman's Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Truman's Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb - Essay Example There were discussions on several occasions about the need to warn the Japanese civilians on an impending attack. While on the surface this seems morally admirable, it was considered a vain action and may have imperiled millions of civilians and military personnel.2 By June 1 1945, the industrial infrastructure had been decimated, but Japan showed no signs of surrendering.3 The unwillingness of Japan to reach a military surrender prompted the Truman administration to pursue the plan of using the bomb. Though it would ultimately be Truman's decision, he carefully considered the other options and weighed the opinions of his closest advisors. The Truman administration had little trust in Russia's long-term intentions in regards to the Asian continent. There were millions of American and Japanese lives at stake. Truman's decision would involve all these stakeholders in a Kohlberg stage five thinking that recognized "...national self-interest itself must be limited and compromised".4 Truman had reached a moral decision based on the interests of the world at large, and the stakeholders involved. Truman has been criticized for acting in his own political interests. However, there was a plan on the table to warn Japan, but this plan was discarded due to the real possibility of the bomb being a dud5.

Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Portfolio Management - Essay Example Similarly, agency models, such as those f Barry and Starks (1984), Starks (1987), Cohen and Starks (1988), and Golec (1988,1992) show that a manger's portfolio risk choices will partly depend upon his or her risk-taking preferences because the volatility f a manager's pay is affected by the portfolio's performance. This study's statistical approach accounts for the fact that performance, risk, and fees are interdependent. Mutual fund performance alone is an important and popular finance topic because funds positive risk-adjusted returns has implications for market efficiency. Most early studies, such as Jensen (1968) and Sharpe (1966), report that funds provide inferior performance partly because f management fees and other expenses. Recently, however, Ippolito (1989), Lee and Rahman (1990), Grinblatt and Titman (1989,1992), and Hendricks, Patel, and Zeckhauser (1993) show that mutual funds can generate systematic positive risk-adjusted returns. Although Ippolito's sample f funds earned sufficient risk-adjusted returns to cover fees, Elton, Gruber, Das, and Hlavka (1993) question Ippolito's methods and suggest that funds do not exhibit positive risk-adjusted returns. Whether mutual fund managers produce superior returns is controversial because most studies' funds, sample periods, or performance measures are not comparable. Unlike earlier studies that try to determine if the average risk-adjusted fund performance is positive, this study only requires that a performance measure rank funds appropriately. For example, if longer tenure implies greater human capital which, in turn, generates better performance, then job tenure should be positively related to performance. This positive relationship can be present even if all funds have negative risk-adjusted performance; long-tenured managers will simply have less negative performance. Earlier studies consider relatively long time periods during which some funds change managers, risk, fees or objective, or liquidate. Here, the cross-sectional data and shorter sample period reduce the degree f fund changes and survivorship bias (Brown, Goetzmann, Ibbotson, & Ross, 1992). The paper is organized as follows. Section I discusses the statistical procedure used to account for simultaneity and defines the study's endogenous and exogenous variables. Section II describes the data. Section III presents each structural equation along with the results for each equation. Section IV considers the issues f survivorship bias and performance measurement. Section V summarizes the results that have the most significant implications for investors' choice among mutual funds and their managers. Three-Stage Least Squares Many earlier studies, such as Sharpe (1966), Jensen (1968), Friend and Blume (1970), Ippolito (1989), Grinblatt and Titman (1989,1992), Hendricks, Patel, and Zeckhauser (1993) and Elton et al. (1993), compare mutual funds' risk-adjusted performance, as well as other endogenous variables (risk or fees), but ignore the fact that changes in performance, risk, and fees tend to impact each other contemporaneously. For example, a fund that increases fees will tend to have poorer performance, all else equal. In this case, fees

Nursing theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing theory - Assignment Example I see evidence-based practice as presenting an important for nurses to break away from past practice of nursing where nurses applied minimal professional knowledge with most of their interventions based on their subjective judgment on what they liked or disliked. Consequently, evidence-based practice trends in the delivery of quality nursing care has led to improved practice as decisions are now based on application of body of knowledge that focus on understanding and knowing patients and their health experiences, knowledge of research process essential in providing best interventions in particular cases. Among the theories that have contributed to the development of evidence-based, practice in nursing care is theory of interpersonal relations postulated by Peplau. Peplau’s theory focuses on the interaction of the nurse and the patient with the objective of ensuring nursing practice is therapeutic since it is a healing art. Through the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing, nurses and patients are perceived as individuals whose collaboration would lead to achievement of a common objective. Peplau prominence of the theory in nursing practice is influence by research findings suggesting that communication is important in establishing professional relationship between the nurse and patient and contributes to the nurse and patient learning and identifying the best approach in improving patient’s condition (Lubkin and Larsen, 2006). Introducing concepts in theory of interpersonal relations in nursing practice will therefore constitute evidence-based practice, as the n urse will relay on research to make an educated decision. The development of nursing theory has contributed to the improvement of nursing education, nursing research and nursing practice as practitioners seek effective and efficient interventions for conditions presented by different patients. Since the

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks A Disaster-Resilient Modern Cellular Network: Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks, Device-to-Device Communication enabled LTE-Advanced Abstract The goal of modern communication networks is to keep every corner of the world connected at all times. This goal is of utmost importance especially during a disaster. Todays mobile communication networks fail to showcase fast disaster resilience due to the lack of a distributed communication architecture that would work even if a part of the network fails. With current technological advancements, this resilience can be achieved by creating an overlay of various techniques. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) and Internet of Things (IoT) play significant roles in the next generation 5G networks. Having this in mind, this paper discusses how Self Organizing Networks (SON) when applied to HetNet, and a distributed Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled architecture when applied to Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), can strengthen the disaster resilience of a modern cellular network. Self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-healing heterogeneous small cell networks reduce the nee d for human intervention and ensure reliable communication during calamities. A D2D type communication is important because in most cases, physical damage to operators network elements is the cause for network failure. Hence there is a need to be able to communicate emergency messages without total dependency on a carriers network. The means of achieving these two goals will be addressed in this paper. I. Introduction The earliest forms of communications were intended to send emergency messages during wars. While communication technology has evolved from sending pigeons to next generation 5G, the industry has not been able to ensure perfectly reliable communication for disaster-struck regions with the unaffected areas during times of emergency. The existing methods for emergencies such as the earthquake and tsunami warning system (ETWS), Public Safety Networks, only serve the purpose of communicating broadcast messages to public and information sharing among officials. However it is important to also have a reliable communication means between victims in affected areas and the outside world. In 2011, around 29,000 eNBs were damaged during the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which caused network outage and affected communication of safety messages and emergency requests [12]. Problems in wireless networks during disaster scenarios include increase in traffic beyond the networks capacity, physical damage of network components including backhaul, unnecessary handovers due to improper neighbor list and limited availability of human resources [1]. The methods discussed in the paper will address these problems. A Heterogeneous Small Cell Network (HSCN) is one in which there is an umbrella created by the macro cell and small cells are deployed within the region to help fix coverage gaps and capacity needs [14]. The co-ordination of different cells within the same region without interfering is the challenging part of an HSCN. D2D communication is one in which the User Equipment (UEs) can exchange information directly. This paper will start by discussing the architecture of a SON-enabled Disaster Resilient HSCN (DRHSCN). We will discuss how self-configuration of power, automatic neighbor relation (ANR), Physical Cell Identity (PCI), self-optimization of coverage, capacity, mobility robustness and self-healing capabilities help in achieving minimal human intervention during disasters [1]. The next section of the paper will discuss how a multihop D2D communication system realized through smartphones relay can help in disaster resilience [3]. We will then discuss how the current LTE architecture can be made distributed in order to minimize the dependency between User Equipment (UE) and the core network [2]. We will discuss how D2D communication can help in this regard and increase the disaster resilience of an LTE-A network [2]. II. Utilizing SON in DRHSCN The primary purpose for using SON in Disaster Resilient Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks (DRHSCN) is to reduce the operational expenditure (OPEX) and human intervention. The DRHSCN architecture as shown in Figure 1 [1] consists of a macro cell and several small cells (femto cells) within the macro cell. Satellite link provides the backhaul. The SON entity of the network is present on the base station side. The Heterogeneous evolved Node B (HeNB) serves the femto user equipment (FUE) while the macro base station serves the macro user equipment (MUE). Figure 1. Architecture of DRHSCN [1] During disasters, there will need for deployment of new nodes such as cellular on wheels (CoW), adaptation of the existing nodes to the changes, and healing of the nodes that were damaged physically. Self-configuration means a newly added node during a disaster scenario automatically selects the network parameters and schemes such as physical cell ID (PCI), power configurations, neighbor lists and other basic settings needed for proper operation [4]. The newly added nodes are configured into the network and then the existing nodes involve in self-optimizing as a reaction to the environmental changes caused by the disaster. Self-optimization means automatically changing the radio resource management parameters such as power parameters (pilot, control and data), tilt, azimuths, handover management parameters, and others needed to optimize the performance of the network [4]. Self-Configuring new nodes We will discuss the methods for self-configuring the transmit power, physical cell ID and Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) in DRHSCN. Let us assume a new HeNB is entering the network and its boundary ends where the path loss is 2 dB from the HeNB. When it powers on, the HeNB will receive Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements of the macro eNB as well as other HeNBs in the vicinity. Based on this self-discovery, the HeNB will configure a suitable transmit power to mitigate the co-channel interference with the macro or other small cells [1]. A FUE will be covered by the HeNB if Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) from the HeNB is above 3dB. An MUE will be served by the macro eNB if SINR from macro eNB is above 1dB. Based on these assumptions, the self-configuration will make sure that for FUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is below 3dB. For MUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is above 1dB. This way the HeNB cannot affect the MUE outside its boundary [1]. Figure 2. (a) Self-configuration of PCI [1] (b) Self-configuration of ANR [1] A physical cell ID needs to be unique for each cell in its operating area in order to avoid collision and confusion. Since the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS, SSS) are based on the PCI, any collision would result in synchronization problems. There are only 504 possible PCIs [4]. Hence in a dense deployment of heterogeneous networks, it is difficult to guarantee uniqueness. Instead of manually configuring PCI during network planning or randomly selecting a PCI, an automatic PCI selection algorithm [1] as shown in Figure 2a [1] would result in lesser collisions and confusions in a disaster scenario. The HeNB first detects neighbors in its vicinity and composes a deny list. It then requests a reserved list from the SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system. Based on these, an available PCI is selected and confirmed with the OAM. It is a periodic procedure and the HeNB reselects its PCI based on the neighbor PCIs seen in UE measurement repor ts. In order to ensure handovers are managed properly in the absence of human resource during disasters, an Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature should be added. This enables the self-configuration of the Neighbor Relation Table (NRT) and deletion of unnecessary neighbor relations (NR). The algorithm is shown in Figure 2b [1] and is very similar to the PCI selection algorithm. Instead of a PCI list, a neighbor list is composed. The neighbor PCI and Cell Global Identity (CGI) are obtained from the UE measurement reports. ANR reduces the need for handover selection from a long neighbor list by removing unnecessary NR periodically. [1] Self-Optimizing existing nodes Self-optimization in the existing HeNB in DRHSCN is achieved in two ways Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) and Coverage Optimization. In a heterogeneous network, the occurrence of unnecessary handovers due to complex mobility patterns and cell boundaries, results in large consumption of resources which cannot be afforded especially in a disaster scenario. The purpose of self-optimizing handover (HO) parameters is to detect such unnecessary handovers and to avoid them while not compromising on handover failure rate. A Mobility Robustness Optimization algorithm is proposed for a DRHSCN [1]. A cost function is first calculated as a weighted sum of five types of handovers [5]. These include ping-pong handover which return the HO back to the serving cell, early handover when Radio Link Failure (RLF) occurs since the HO was executed earlier than required, late handover when the HO is processed too late which results in RLF, continuing handover when the HO after execution is immediately is handed over to another cell which is not the serving cell, wrong handover when the HO was made to the wrong cell resulting in RLF [6]. In order to optimize the handover process, each HeNB has a timer which starts when handover complete message is received from UE. This timer stops as soon as an RLF occurs or is reported by other eNBs/HeNBs. From the UE status after RLF the HeNB will be able to recognize if it was a late, early or wrong handover, or call drop. Based on the performance metrics collected by a single eNB/HeNB, the parameters are optimized [1]. As shown in Figure 3 [1], the optimized parameters are calculated based on the cost function. This calculation is repeated iteratively after detecting unnecessary, too late, too early and wrong handovers, and fixing the weights of the cost function accordingly. The SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system collects the performance reports. The RLF and unnecessary HO are reduced significantly by the optimization algorithm which will help in efficient handovers during disasters when the HeNB are randomly deployed [1]. Figure 3. Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) [1] Coverage optimization is done by adaptively choosing the cell boundary. This is important in a disaster scenario because fast random deployments of small cells do not take into account the interference caused by the small cells with macro cells which will reduce the performance of the DRHSCN. In the self-configuration phase, we created fixed boundaries based on RSRP measurements of eNB and other HeNBs. This boundary is not realistic since we will deploy small cells indoor such as in buildings. The RSRP measurements of the FUE during the self-optimization phase will help in determining a realistic coverage radius. Large changes in RSRP is observed when the FUE enters or leaves a building due to penetration loss associated with walls. The algorithm given in Figure 4 [1] shows how after self-configuration, either an adaptive or fixed boundary is chosen based on whether a house boundary was got from the decision module. This process is iteratively applied and an optimal boundary is chose n. The performance analysis of the power self-configuration and coverage self-optimization algorithm together shows better macro and small cell coverage. It helps provide better coverage and manage capacity efficiently [1]. Figure 4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization [1] Self-Healing triggered by failed nodes Self-healing is the process of handling the coverage gaps or capacity overloads resulting from the failure due to physical damage of a base station (either macro or small cell) during disasters [1].ÂÂ   Self-healing consists of automatic fault detection, fault classification and cell compensation schemes [7]. Figure 5 [7] shows the flow chart of a self-healing process. Fault classification into degraded (sub-optimal operation), crippled (major faults causing low SINR) or catatonic cells (complete outage) can be done using Bayesian systems to determine type of fault with certain probability [9]. Learning algorithms are important to make the detection more intelligent by having a log of faulty alarm detections. The Trigger Conditions of Self-Healing (TCoSH) satisfy when anomalies occur for a particular duration and cause sufficient performance degradation. The logical steps for self-healing are provided by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in [8]. The compensation scheme s, depending on type of fault, might involve automatic reconfigurations which would direct the neighbors to up tilt antennae, increase power, or enable relay-assisted handover [10]. It is critical to continue monitoring the faulty base station through X2 interface to check if it has recovered, so that neighbors can return to their optimal configurations. Much research is needed in self-healing in terms of the various learning, classification, and compensation algorithms before it can be deployed practically [7]. Figure 5. Self-Healing Process [7] III. D2D communication during disasters In the previous section, we discussed how a SON-enabled DRHSCN implementation can help operate a 4G network reliably and efficiently during disasters. However, we need to note that the dependence on cellular operators networks is high in a DRHSCN. During a disaster, the physical damages caused to the operator network in a significantly large area, are difficult to be handled using self-healing alone. Hence there is a need for a decentralized network architecture as an overlay over DRHSCN that will ensure reliable communication of emergency messages. Figure 6. D2D communication during disasters [3] Access and Network technologies in D2D communication In this sub-section we will discuss a multi-hop D2D communication realized using relay by smartphones [3]. As a minimum requirement, unacknowledged, best effort delivery of small packets of messages such as text, voice should be possible. The types of messages may be emergency communication between affected areas and outside world, broadcast messages to the affected areas, local information sharing within refugee areas, etc. as shown in Figure 6 [3]. The interconnection of the D2D network with the outside world can also be achieved through Satellite, unmanned aircraft system (UAS), etc. [3]. The various technologies that can be used in multihop D2D communication as shown in Figure 7 [3] will be discussed next. Figure 7. Technologies in D2D communication [3] The wireless access technologies need not be limited to one. Multiple technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, LTE-A, WiGig (Wireless Gigabit) can be used based on the environment, data needs, physical distance, spectrum availability. The developments in mobile equipment technologies such as battery technology, antenna design techniques enable the use of various wireless interfaces on a single mobile terminal [3]. Bluetooth, WiFi and Zigbee are used currently. While WiGig has the advantage of being de-centralized and having high speeds (up to 7 Gbps for 60 GHz bandwidth), it is a short range technology (10m). LTE-A has the advantage of having a good channel quality and lesser interference due to a base station acting as controller. To overcome the disadvantage of dependence on operator network during disasters, we will discuss a decentralized D2D communication architecture for LTE-A in the next sub-section. The networking (routing) technologies used in smartphone relay cannot be fixed, like in other multihop communications due to the unpredictable mobility of the terminals. Hence each device selects its own routing method based on its situation. Hence integrating various routing technologies is inevitable. For a stable dense mesh network such as WiFi ad hoc, which is are almost immobile, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) type routing is preferred. MANET sends a message via an established path from source to destination. Delay/disruption-tolerant networks (DTN) is suitable for both single and mutihop communication since it is a network layer technology [3]. For wireless access technologies that work on a single hop such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, DTN-type routing has to perform multihop through various single hops. Since the best type of routing depends on the scenario, implementing a fusion of the two routing types would be the most efficient. Interconnection of the multihop D2D communication system with external networks such as satellite, movable and deployable resource units (MDRU) [11], unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is possible. Longer distance communication with areas not affected by the distance is possible through such interconnection. The gateway between the D2D system and outside networks filters out redundant messages received from DTN type routing which tends to send duplicates [3]. The gateway should advertise its presence so that the terminals can direct their messages to it. For certain applications, it is important to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Hence a security functionalities are added. In order to ensure that all types of smartphones can participate in the D2D communication, all operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows, etc.) should be compatible. In order to ensure independency from cloud services, it is suggested that the terminals have a mutihop D2D mode for emergency purpose s. In [3], a prototype based on fusion of MANET and DTN routing technologies was developed and its performance was tested to be good. D2D communication enabled decentralized LTE-A architecture The dependencies between the UE, eNB and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) reduce the resilience and flexibility of a 4G network. We will discuss a D2D enabled LTE-A architecture that will reduce this dependency [2]. The EPC is an all-IP core network that performs the access control, authentication, etc. Failure of any entity within the EPC can cause a cascading effect and might take long time to fix. A novel software architecture, which virtualizes certain fundamental EPC services and resource management functions within the eNB to reduce the dependency between the eNB and EPC is proposed in [2]. A new component called Flexible Management Entity (FME) is suggested to be added to the architecture. The eNB along with the FME which includes the virtual EPC entity would now be called the Hybrid eNB (HYeNB). The detailed design and distributed protocols associated with the FME are discussed in [2]. Wired or wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16, optical, satellite networks, etc. are used to maintain connection between HYeNB and physical EPC. While the above virtualization creates a distributed architecture between the eNB and the EPC, we will discuss about how the dependency between UE and the Radio Access Network (RAN) can be reduced in LTE-A by deploying D2D feature that was introduced in Release 12 of 3GPP [13]. The D2D communication is discovered, established and maintained without any interference from eNB or EPC. The uplink channels PUCCH, PUSCH and PRACH are used for the initialization and operation of the D2D protocol. A D2D communication can be set up within the UEs in the network when needed either using the D2D-Agent present inside the FME, or the UEs can establish the D2D communication independent of the HYeNB. When connection with eNB is lost for a Time of Interruption (ToI), a selected UE (b-UE) will take up the role of D2D-A. The b-UE will establish, manage and coordinate the D2D network. It is necessary to have ToI to avoid ping-pong effect. The multiple access scheme used by such a b-UE is Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to less interference and battery consumption [2]. Figure 8. Handshake messages when UE joins a D2D network [2] All UEs which lost connection with HYeNB for ToI is allowed to consider transmitting direct beacon frames (D-beacons). But before a UE transmits D-beacons, it will listen to the channel for at least two D-beacon time intervals (TD) (time between two beacons which can be any multiple of frame duration 10 ms) to see if any other UE is already the b-UE. If after two TD, no beacon was received, the UE becomes b-UE and starts broadcasting the D-beacons with information such as D2D network ID, identification of UEs in the network, etc. on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). PUCCH is also used by b-UE to reply to UE network association requests as shown in Figure 8 [2].ÂÂ   The network joining procedure is same as the four-way handshake that occurs during LTE random access. There are 64 Zadoff Chu preambles from which the UE who wishes to join chooses from to minimize contention. The contention resolution scenario involves the b-UE sending response based on the UE ID in the D2 D network. The UE which did not receive a response backs off. The random access operations are performed using the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). The response which is usually sent on Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in traditional LTE, should be sent on PUCCH by the b-UE. Reserved slots in the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) are used for the third message (association request). PUSCH is also used for data and voice transmission. The resources reservation for data and voice takes place between peer UE and does not need b-UE involvement. [2] The UEs will continue search for synchronization signals and Master Information Block (MIB) on Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) to see is the HYeNB has been reconnected. Once reconnected, the resources allocated to the D2D network will be given up [2]. IV. Conclusion A SON-enabled DRHSCN and D2D communication enabled LTE-A are two technologies that will greatly increase the robustness and resilience of existing cellular networks as well as future 5G networks during disasters. The two methods can be implemented as an overlay by introducing D2D communication within a Heterogeneous network. The multihop smart phone relay using a multiple wireless access and a fusion of routing technology when applied to the D2D network, create another layer of resilience. These methods achieve the primary goal of making the network self-reliant and distributed so that communication can be established even when any part of the network is damaged by disaster. The future 5G architecture can be made disaster-resilient from the start if the proposed methods are taken into account even during standardization. By extending the proposed D2D protocol into Internet of Everything (IoE), we will be able to send emergency messages not only to humans but also to trains, cars, etc . to prevent major accidents. V. References H. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Q. Hu, Y. Qian, Self-organization in disaster-resilient heterogeneous small cell networks, IEEE Network, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 116-121, 2016. K. Gomez, L. Goratti, T. Rasheed, L. Reynaud, Enabling Disaster-Resilient 4G Mobile Communication Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 66-73, Dec. 2014. H. Nishiyama, M. Ito, N. Kato, Relay-by-smartphone: Realizing multihop device-to-device communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 56-65, Apr. 2014. 3GPP, TSG E-UTRAN, Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions, TR 36.902 V9.3.1, 2011. W. Zheng et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Self-Organizing LTE Femtocell Networks, EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. , vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 2013. H. Zhang et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Femtocell Networks Based on Ant Colony Algorithm, IEICE Trans. Commun. , vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1455-58, 2012. O.G. Aliu, A. Imran, M.A. Imran, and B. Evans, A survey of self organisation in future cellular networks, IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp.336-361, 2013. 3GPP, Telecommunications management; self-healing OAM; concepts and requirements, 3GPP TS 32.541 v1.6.1, Tech. Rep., 2010. R. M. Khanafer, B. Solana, J. Triola, R. Barco, L. Moltsen, Z. Altman, and P. Lazaro, Automated diagnosis for UMTS networks using bayesian network approach, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2451-2461, 2008. M. Amirijoo, L. Jorguseski, T. Kurner, R. Litjens, M. Neuland, L. C. Schmelz, and U. Turke, Cell outage management in LTE networks, in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Wireless Communication Systems ISWCS 2009, pp. 600-604, 2009. T. Sakano et al., Disaster-Resilient Networking: A New Vision Based on Movable and Deployable Resource Units, IEEE Network, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 40-46, 2013. ICT responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake, FUJINO, Masaru. Counselor for Communications Policy. Embassy of Japan, U.S. Telecom Assn. Boarding Room, 2011. 3GPP, Feasibility Study for Proximity Services (ProSe), TR 22.083, 2012. A. Ghosh, N. Mangalvedhe, R. Ratasuk, B. Mondal, M. Cudak, E. Visotsky, T.A. Thomas, J.G. Andrews, P. Xia, H.S. Jo, and H.S. Dhillon, Heterogeneous cellular networks: From theory to practice, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 50, no. 6, 2012.

Hard Tmes Essay -- Papers

Hard Tmes Snakes....specialists of deception. They enter our lives unnoticed and set out to accomplish evil plans. Snakes are twisters. Like a rattle snake, it attracts your attention with its tail then at the last moment strikes a venomous blow only to see you fall from the point you have risen. Snakes challenge your choice with sneaky tricks and can even lure you to disobey God. If that isn't enough I have to also cope with the stress of school, the racism in the community and the obsession that a young man gets for the opposite sex. My problems may seem little, but even the smallest thing can be a factor of what has caused a scared and frightened teenager to hate the world. I've always seen myself as me. Steve Marshall. An averaged height, not really popular, sixteen year old Afro-Caribbean who's often discriminated against by narrow minded child like people because of his race, a boy who likes to take good pride in himself because there is no-one else to do it for him. I mean my father has never been there for me, nothing but broken promises and lies which hurts me so much, but not even the pain that I bare could ever deny me loving him. The only thing that may seem unusual about me is the fact that I am often sick and I have to take three pills a day to keep me healthy. Ms Ramstad a.k.a Peaches or mum, well step-mum; after all she is married to my dad. She tries her hardest to look after me but I think she believes that she doesn't have the same authority over me like my real mother would. My dad abandoned us when I was young and ever since Peaches has struggled and tried her best to cope on minimum wages with the responsib... ...car me with those huge needles. No way, that would have never happened, but I do give it to Steve the disease he was successful in his mission. He was the toughest snake my life has ever handled, and the biggest factor to my demise. Yes that's right my demise. He has knocked me off my Pedestal and climbed right up. That can only mean that he has successfully taken my place. He should be me. Well everything I ever wanted to be. Now I have realized that the world is full of lying cheating and backstabbing people, so who can blame a broken teenager for hating the world. Even though he isn't here now Steve the disease belongs in this world not me. So this is the last chapter in the diary of my life. The life of Steve Marshall before I commit the tragic event called suicide. I really can't go on through all these HARDTIMES.